Description

Physical Properties

g/moHydrogen chloride is a common synonym for hydrochloric acid.
The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is HCl, and its molecular weight is 36.47 l. (1,3)

Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid has many uses. It is used in the production of chlorides, fertilizers, and dyes, in
electroplating, and in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries. HCl is corrosive to the
eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure may cause eye, nose, and
respiratory tract irritation and inflammation and pulmonary edema in humans. Acute oral exposure may
cause corrosion of the mucous membranes, esophagus, and stomach and dermal contact may produce
severe burns, ulceration, and scarring in humans. Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to
HCl  has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and
photosensitization in workers. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may also cause dental
discoloration and erosion. EPA has not classified hydrochloric acid for carcinogenicity.

HCl used in the production

Hydrochloric Acid (Hydrogen Chloride) HCl has many uses. It is used in the production of chlorides, fertilizers, and dyes, in
electroplating, and in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries. HCl acid is corrosive to the
eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure may cause eye, nose, and
respiratory tract irritation and inflammation and pulmonary edema in humans. Acute oral exposure may
cause corrosion of the mucous membranes, esophagus, and stomach and dermal contact may produce
severe burns, ulceration, and scarring in humans. Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to
hydrochloric acid has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and
photosensitization in workers. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may also cause dental
discoloration and erosion. EPA has not classified HCl for carcinogenicity.
Please Note: The main source of information for this fact sheet is EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (4),
which contains information on inhalation chronic toxicity of hydrochloric acid and the Reference Concentration
(RfC). Other secondary sources include the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) (1), a database of summaries of
peer-reviewed literature, and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) (5), a database of toxic
effects that are not peer reviewed.

hydrochloric acid

Uses Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid is used in the production of chlorides, for refining ore in the production of tin and
tantalum, for pickling and cleaning of metal products, in electroplating, in removing scale from boilers, for
the neutralization of basic systems, as a laboratory reagent, as a catalyst and solvent in organic syntheses,
in the manufacture of fertilizers and dyes, for hydrolyzing starch and proteins in the preparation of various
food products, and in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries.
Sources and Potential Exposure
Occupational exposure toHCl may occur via inhalation or dermal contact during its
production and use.
Assessing Personal Exposure
No information was located regarding the measurement of personal exposure to HCl

Health Hazard Information

Hydrochloric acid is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Acute inhalation exposure may
cause coughing, hoarseness, inflammation and ulceration of the respiratory tract, chest pain, and
pulmonary edema in humans.
Acute oral exposure may cause corrosion of the mucous membranes, esophagus, and stomach, with
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea reported in humans. Dermal contact may produce severe burns, ulceration,
and scarring.

Pulmonary irritation, lesions of the upper respiratory tract, and laryngeal and pulmonary edema have been
reported in rodents acutely exposed by inhalation.
Acute animal tests in rats, mice, and rabbits, have demonstrated HCl to
have moderate to high acute toxicity from inhalation and moderate acute toxicity from oral exposure.

hydrochloric acid

Chronic Effects

Chronic occupational exposure to hydrochloric acid has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic
bronchitis, dermatitis, and photosensitization in workers. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may
also cause dental discoloration and erosion.
Chronic inhalation exposure caused hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa, larynx, and trachea and lesions in the
nasal cavity in rats.
The Reference Concentration (RfC) for HCl is 0.02 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3
) based
on hyperplasia of the nasal mucosa, larynx, and trachea in rats. The RfC is an estimate (with uncertainty
spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population
(including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects
during a lifetime. It is not a direct estimator of risk but rather a reference point to gauge the potential
effects. At exposures increasingly greater than the RfC, the potential for adverse health effects increases.
Lifetime exposure above the RfC does not imply that an adverse health effect would necessarily occur.
EPA has low confidence in the study on which the RfC was based since it used only one dose and had
limited toxicological measurements; low confidence in the database because the database does not provide
any additional chronic or reproductive studies; and, consequently, low confidence in the RfC.
EPA has not established a Reference Dose (RfD) for hydrochloric acid.

Reproductive/Developmental Effects

No information is available on the reproductive or developmental effects of hydrochloric acid in humans.
In rats exposed to hydrochloric acid by inhalation, severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and altered estrus cycles have
been reported in dams, and increased fetal mortality and decreased fetal weight have been reported in the
offspring.

Cancer Risk

No information is available on the carcinogenic effects of hydrochloric acid in humans.
In one study, no carcinogenic response was observed in rats exposed via inhalation.
EPA has not classified hydrochloric acid with respect to potential carcinogenicity.

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